Neurobiology of hope

The four waves of resilience research describe the evolution of how resilience has been studied and understood:

1. First Wave: Focused on identifying individual traits (e.g., hardiness, optimism) that helped individuals cope with adversity.

2. Second Wave: Explored the environmental factors and social contexts that influence resilience, such as family support and community resources.

3. Third Wave: Emphasized positive adaptation in the face of adversity, considering how individuals thrive post-trauma.

4. Fourth Wave: Integrates multidimensional factors (biological, psychological, social) and looks at resilience as a dynamic process that evolves over time.

Each wave builds a more comprehensive view of resilience, highlighting its complexity.